Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics. However, weaving is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. Knitting and non-woven are other popular types of fabric manufacturing. In the contemporary world, textiles satisfy the material needs for versatile applications, from simple daily clothing to bulletproof jackets, spacesuits, and doctor's gowns.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Fiber is the smallest component of a fabric; fibers are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to manufacture fabrics.[10][9] Fiber has a hair-like appearance and a higher length-to-width ratio. The sources of fibers may be natural, synthetic, or both. The techniques of felting and bonding directly transform fibers into fabric. In other cases, yarns are manipulated with different fabric manufacturing systems to produce various fabric constructions. The fibers are twisted or laid out to make a long, continuous strand of yarn.[2] Yarns are then used to make different kinds of fabric by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, tatting, or braiding.[11][12][6] After manufacturing, textile materials are processed and finished to add value, such as aesthetics, physical characteristics, and increased usefulness.[13] The manufacturing of textiles is the oldest industrial art.[14] Dyeing, printing, and embroidery are all different decorative arts applied to textile materials.[15]
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The word 'textile' comes from the Latin adjective textilis, meaning 'woven', which itself stems from textus, the past participle of the verb texere, 'to weave'.[5] Originally applied to woven fabrics, the term "textiles" is now used to encompass a diverse range of materials, including fibers, yarns, and fabrics, as well as other related items.[2][1][3]
Textiles are various materials made from fibers and yarns. The term "textile" was originally only used to refer to woven fabrics, but today it covers a broad range of subjects.[1] Textiles are classified at various levels, such as according to fiber origin (natural or synthetic), structure (woven, knitted, nonwoven), finish, etc.[27][28][29][30] However, there are primarily two types of textiles:
Fabric or yarn produced with a combination of two or more types of different fibers, or yarns to obtain desired traits. Blending is possible at various stages of textile manufacturing. Final composition is liable for the properties of the resultant product. Natural and synthetic fibers are blended to overcome disadvantage of single fiber properties and to achieve better performance characteristics and aesthetic effects such as devoré, heather effect, cross dyeing and stripes pattern etc. Clothing woven from a blend of cotton and polyester can be more durable and easier to maintain than material woven solely from cotton. Other than sharing functional properties, blending makes the products more economical.[64][65]
Testing occurs at various stages of the textile manufacturing process, from raw material to finished product. The purpose of testing is to evaluate and analyze the regulatory compliance, the product's quality and performance, as well as to measure its specifications. Textile testing encompasses a wide range of methodologies, procedures, equipment, and sophisticated laboratories. Local governments and authorized organization's such as ASTM International, International Organization for Standardization, and American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists establish standards for testing of textiles.[136][137]
I have a decent assortment of spinning books, including some excellent ones that focus on spindles, but this book blows them away. - KnittingScholar.com A great choice for those new to spinning and those who might feel cheated because their budget--or their living arrangements--make a wheel an impossibility. - About.com Guide to Knitting Be prepared to have cliched thoughts about spindles and spinning on spindles blasted out of the water. Abby Franquemont has given spinners a encyclopedic gift on the topic of spindles. In a single volume, she will change the way you look at, think about and use...spindles. - Knitty.com The instructions are very well done, nothing is rushed and there are good photos of everything you need. I'd happily recommend this to a beginner. - YarnMaker Respect the Spindle is really lovely. It's perfect if you've always wanted to spin but were intimidated by spinning wheels because it makes the whole process a lot more elemental. Perfect for even the novice spinner! - The Purl Bee Abby Franquemont says spinning with a spindle can get you any kind of yarn you want; a spinning wheel never needs to be in your house if you don't want it. She makes this argument--and proves the point nicely--in her book Respect the Spindle. - About.com It's a comprehensive guide to using a drop spindle and it starts at the very beginning, which is perfect for a total novice like me. - Canadian Living craft blog
Cocoons are the final product of silkworm rearing. The quality of the cocoons is determined by the hereditary nature of the silkworm strains and environmental conditions during rearing, spinning stage, etc. [112]. The requirements of a perfect cocoon are healthy (no defects), clean (clean white), the inside (pupa) not damaged or crushed, and a hard silk shell (layer of silk fibers) resistant to finger pressure. Several parameters of cocoon quality affect the quality of the raw materials for silk fiber and determine the quality, quantity, and efficiency of the process [113]. Cocoon characteristics, such as cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon shell ratio, are the most important economic determinants of silkworm rearing [114]. Different shapes and sizes of cocoons will produce various sizes of silk fiber and yarn quality. 2ff7e9595c
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